Do You Know? Ants, Animals Small Group Life

Did you know the second strongest animals in the world? Ants are the second strongest animals in the world after Rhinoceros Beetle. Although his size is very small, a male ant can lift a load weighing fifty times its own weight. Incredible!

Ants, including insects of the family eusosial Formisidae and included in the order Himenoptera along with wasps and bees. This small animal group consisted of 12 000 more. Kind also vary, there are worker ants, ant males, and the queen ant.

There are also called white ants or termites and ants known velvet. Actually, termites do not have a close relationship with ants, it's just the same social structure. Velvet ant body like a big ant, but the animal is a female wasp is not winged.

Ants live in groups and each group can consist of thousands of ants. Each group is usually able to control and occupy certain areas to breed, including finding food. In addition, these animals have regular nests.

Ants and mneguasai spread to almost all parts of the land on earth. Only a few places that are not controlled, namely in Hawaii, Greenland, and Iceland.

The Origin of Ants

Ants are the descendants of generations of wasps Vespoidea. There is analysis showing that these animals have evolved from dragonflies vespoid about 120 million-170 million years ago during the Cretaceous. In this period, the fossil form is a form of middle of the ants and wasps.

In 1966, there is the discovery of fossils of ants (from the Cretaceous) in the sap of trees found by EO Wilson with his friend in New Jersey. This fossil has been outstanding for more than 80 million years. This fossil discovery provides evidence that modern ants and wasps have a relationship. Ants in this period the characteristic blend of modern ants and wasps.

Shape and Body Composition 

In general, the body of ants is divided into three parts, namely the head, chest, and abdomen. Compared with other insects that also has an antenna (the organs of touch animals), ant morphology more clearly.

Like insects in general, the ant's body also has the outer frame. This framework serves as a place providing protection and muscle attached. The nervous system consists of a small animal muscle in the ventral nerve throughout the body.

A pair of antennas located at the head of an ant. This antenna serves to detect chemical stimuli. In addition, the antenna is also used to communicate with other ants. Her eyes can detect movement very well.

Ants have three pairs of legs in the chest. To be able to climb and stand, at each end of the legs have claws. In general, the ants have wings. Ant females will release their wings after mating and become queen of the ants without wings. Types of ants that has no wings is ant worker and soldier ants.

The last part is the abdomen. In this section, there are some important internal organs (including reproductive organs). To paralyze prey and protect the nest, there are several types of ants that use sengatnya, such as Formica ant species yessensis. Ants of this species have glands that produce formic acid can be sprayed into the enemy.

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Do You Know? Aloe Vera

In addition to nourish hair, aloe vera is also known efficacious for treating some diseases. Among diabetes mellitus and heart attacks.

Aloe vera is one of the herbs are efficacious cure various diseases. This plant has been used the Samaritans, circa 1875 BC.

The ancient Egyptians had known properties of aloe vera as a medicine about 1500 BC. Thanks to its benefit, the ancient Egyptians called it the plant of immortality.

A traditional medicine gatherers Greek named Dioscordes, says that aloe vera can cure various diseases. For example ulcers, skin bruising, cracking, blisters, hair loss, hemorrhoids, and sore throat.

In his report, Fujio L. Panggabean, a researcher and observer of medicinal plants, says that the efficacy of aloe vera not because these plants have sufficient nutrients for the human body. The results of other studies on Aloe vera showed that carbohydrate is the largest component after water, which donated a number of calories as energy sources.

Health Food

According to one observer of health food (supplement), Dr. Freddy Wilmana, MFPM, Sp.FK, from about 200 types of aloe vera plant, which is either used for the treatment of type Aloevera barbadensis miller. Aloe vera contains 72 types of substances needed by the body.

Among the 72 substances the body needs it there are 18 kinds of amino acids, carbohydrates, fats, water, vitamins, minerals, enzymes, hormones, and substances drug classes. Among other antibiotics, antiseptic, antibacterial, anticancer, antiviral, antifungal, anti-infective, anti, antiparkinson, antiaterosklerosis, and antiviral resistant to antibiotics.

Given the complete content, according to Dr. aloe vera. Freddy is not just useful health care, but also cope with various diseases. "For example, aloe vera is also capable of lowering blood sugar in non-insulin-dependent diabetics. Within ten days the blood sugar to normal, "he said.

Containing Antioxidants

According to Drs. Freddy, some mineral elements contained in aloe vera also exist that serve as building blocks of natural antioxidants. For example vitamin C, vitamin E, and zinc.

"Even the results of research by scientists from the United States said that in Aloevera barbadensis miller there are some substances that can function as antioxidants," he said. Antioxidants are useful to prevent premature aging, heart attack, and several degenerative diseases.

Aloe vera is to stimulate new cell growth on the skin. Mucus contained in aloe vera lignin substances that can penetrate and soak into the skin. This mucus will withstand the loss of body fluids from the skin surface. The result, the skin does not dry quickly and look younger.

In addition to hemorrhoids, aloe vera can be overcome swelling in the knee joints, cough, and wounds. Aloe vera also helps cope with constipation or difficult bowel movements because it is bitter and contain mucus laktasit, so it is a good laxative.

So far, according to Dr. Freddy, studies have not found the side effects of the use of aloe vera. If there is a problem, it's just a form of allergy in those who have not been taking aloe vera. "But, so far from my patients who take aloe vera-based supplement, the reaction is due to the action of drugs that fight disease," he said.

However, keep in mind, according to Dr. Freddy, the properties of aloe vera plant is almost similar to the apples when discharged directly bitten by brown. It could be a sign of aloe vera has been oxidized, so that some of the substances they contain damaged.

"It's not all damaged elements, but who would only get the dregs? Therefore, you should immediately consume aloe vera herb, either blended or processed, so that felt more benefits, "he continued.

Herb Aloe Vera

Laryngitis
How to mix: 1 Aloe vera leaves are washed and peeled. It contained chopped or blended. Add 1 tablespoon of pure honey. Drink 3 times a day.

Hemorrhoid
How to mix: Half (1 / 2) Aloe vera leaf stems discarded needles, washed, and shredded. Give a half (half) cup of hot water, then wring it out. Add 2 tablespoons of honey. In warmer conditions, drink 3 times a day.

Constipation
How to mix: Half (1 / 2) stems from aloe vera leaves are washed and peeled. Contents are cut into small pieces. Brewed by half (half) cup of water. Give 1 tablespoon honey. Warm eaten two times a day.

Diabetes mellitus
How to mix: 2 sticks of aloe vera leaves, washed, discarded needles, cut into pieces. Boil 3 cups of water, then strain. Drink 3 times daily after meals, each half a glass.

Lowering blood sugar levels
How to mix: a stem of aloe vera large size (approximately the size of your palm) is cleaned with peeling skin and bones. Soak about 30 minutes in salt water. Squeeze a while and then rinse under running water (tap water). Boil 3 cups of water until boiling. Cool. Drink as much as 1 / 2 cups, 2 to 3 times a day.

Hair fertilizer
How to mix: 2 stem of aloe vera are washed and peeled. The contents rubbed on the scalp that had been washed in the afternoon. Wrap with cloth. The next day the hair is rinsed. Do it every day for 3 months.

Cough (stubborn)
How to mix: 20 g aloe vera leaves are washed, peeled, cut into pieces. Give 2 tablespoons of pure honey. Drink 2 times a day. Repeat for 10 days.

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Do You Know? Rihanna

Rihanna managed to create a single record by placing them atop the pop charts for five consecutive years. Greatness is only equaled dapaty with legendary singer Elvis Presley. Rihanna managed to toss hits 'What's My Name' at the top ranks. Not only that debuted singles, the album 'Loud' hers also ranked in the top row of the new albums.

Meanwhile, the song 'Only Girl (In The World)' which also had perched on top was still able to survive in the top 10. While the song 'Who's That Chick' collaboration with David Guetta at position 10. Mainstay Matt Cardle, talent contest winner in Britain, 'When We Collide' dropped from the top position to number two. And, 'The Time (Dirty Bit) belonging to the Black Eyed Peas perched in the top three.

Rihanna or Robyn Rihanna Fenty is a singer Barbados. She was born in Saint Michael, Barbados, February 20, 1988. Rihanna became known after the single "SOS" to get the top peak on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart and was followed a world that is " Umbrella ". The release of the album Good Girl Gone Bad Reloaded version, he gets a surprise return. Single "Disturbia" and "Take a Bow" which also received the number 1 position several weeks. After that "Live Your Life" which also won the top position on Billboard. In "Rated R" Rihanna also get a top position with the single "Rude Boy" who perched under-one for 5 weeks. Just like the "Live Your Life", Rihanna's re-released the single along with Eminem with the single "Love the Way You Lie 'rating in excess of other singles. Singel is perched at number 1 for 7 weeks. In the release of "Loud", Rihanna single jumped from number 66 to number 1 with the single "What's My Name?" Featuring Drake. So the total number one singles which is eight. It makes Rihanna into third place women who get the most number one Billboard chart. Including, Madonna and Janet Jackson under-one under-2. Once again, she fetched the number one on the Billboard Hot 100 with her single Only Girl (In the World) a few weeks earlier with the number 3.

Want to settle in Britain

Rihana says it wants to move permanently to London, England. She claimed to want to set up home in London and for the time being will live in one apartment. Currently, Rihanna was looking for a suitable apartment for residence. "I spent a lot of time in London than Los Angeles. And that's where my true home, "said Rihanna. She has realized the important things in life are for sure with his own decision and not doing things just to please others alone. "The important thing is to be happy and be true to yourself. I do not want in the next 30 years, I regret it and say 'I do all this for their own good but I did not enjoy it', "said Rihanna. "People will have respect for us, while being yourself and see our imperfections," she said again.

Love affair

Rihanna and her new boyfriend, Matt Kemp did not show affection anymore awkward. Both are more determined to have one another. Rihanna and Kemp had a date in mind since the beginning of January last. But so far, they still cover each other their love relationships. Rihanna admitted Kemp as his new lover, in a talk show. Relations closer. Kemp also claimed to be happy since the singer of hits dating Umbrella 'is. Both will strengthen the relationship in matrimony. However, both Rihanna and Kemp did not want to confirm about this. Rihanna and Kempsaat is doing long-distance relationship. Rihanna is still busy with concert tours, while Kemp was also busy with Baseball game in Los Angeles.

Travel Living

1988-2004: Early Life

Rihanna was born in Saint Michael on February 20, 1988 had a father named Ronald (descendants of African and European ) and mother named Monica Fenty (descendants of Guyana ). She has two younger brothers named Rorrey and Rajad. Rihanna went to Charles F. Broome Memorial School and Combermere School, where she formed a trio with two classmates. In 2004, she won the Miss Combermere Beauty contest and sang the song "Hero" by Mariah Carey in the Colours of Combermere School Show.

2005-2006: Music of the Sun and A Girl Like Me

After working with record company Def Jam, she spent the next three months with recording and perfecting his album. Worked with the production of his album Evan Rogers, Carl Sturken, Stargate (production team) and Poke & Tone [2] The first time he collaborated with rapper Memphis Bleek Memphis Bleek on the fourth album "534". Then Rihanna is releasing his first single Pon de Replay on 22 August 2005, which peaked number one on Billboard Hot 100 and UK Singles Chart. It's a conversation topic that reached top ten in 15 countries. His first album, Music of the Sun was released in August 2005 in the United States. This album itself reached number ten on the Billboard 200, with sales of 69,000 copies in its first week. This album tejual more than two million copies worldwide and received Gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of America.

The song is characterized by the type of music reggae because caribbean descent. The album received responses from a variety of music critics. Magazine "Rolling Stone" scoring 2.5 of 5 stars. Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine described the album as "GLUT of teen R & B chanteuses" and describe its main single Pon de Replay as "a dancehall-pop mixture." The second single on the album Music Of The Sun is the If It's Lovin 'that You Want to reach position 36 in the U.S. and number 11 on the UK Singles Chart. In Australia , Ireland and New Zealand singles are getting a good response until it reaches the top ten (top ten) in the country.

After a month of releasing the album, Rihanna commenced its work on the second studio album. This album contain produced by record producer Evan Rogers and Carl Sturken, Stargate (production team), JR Rotem and penanyi-songwriter Ne-Yo. While that album in the recording, Rihanna prepare acting opening for Gwen Stefani to promote her album. The main singles SOS, reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100, making him the first number one in the United States. A Girl Like Me was released in April 2006, was released after eight months she released her first album. The album reached number five on the Billboard 200 with sales of 115,000 copies in its first week and has been certified platinum from the RIAA, after sales reach more than one million units. At the International, the album reached number one on Billboard's Top Canadian Albums, five in the "UK Albums Chart", and number five in the Irish Albums Chart. The album is also being criticized various kinds. Second single Unfaithful, became major hit worldwide, reaching top ten on the State teachers around the world, including the United States where it reached number six on the Billboard Hot 100, as well as well as in Canada, France, and Switzerland. Third single is "We Ride" failed to achieve the success of the single primary, but his fourth single, "Break It Off" featuring Sean Paul , jumping from number 52 to number 10 after it reached number nine. After the release of his album, Rihanna started his first tour of Rihanna: Live in Concert Tour. She began a tour of Rock The Block Tour and then a tour with Pussycat Dolls from November 2006 until February 2007 United Kingdom. Rihanna also play a role acting as comeo on DVD movie Bring It On: All or Nothing, released on August 8, 2006.

2007-2008: Good Girl Gone Bad

With his third album, Good Girl Gone Bad was released in 2007, Rihanna wants something new with the help of music producer Timbaland, Will.i.am and Sean Garrett, and re-imagine the composition of the album with a fresh, uptempo dance tracks, she adopted a more picture rebel while recording the album, eventually dying hair black and cut short. Rihanna commented, "I want to get people dancing but still soulful, at the same time you feel different every album, and at this stage I feel like I want to do a lot of uptempo songs. "The album topped the charts in countries like the United Kingdom, Canada, Japan, Brazil, Russia and Ireland, and peaked at number two in the United States and Australia. Unlike previous work, the album featured more dance-pop sound is not the dancehall, reggae and style ballads. This album received a positive response by critics, became the most critically acclaimed album at that time compared with previous efforts.

This album produced the hit single eight - all singles that reached top twenty on the Billboard Hot 100 - including hit number one in the whole world " Umbrella "featuring Jay-Z. In addition to reaching number one in various countries, "Umbrella" was number one in the United Kingdom for ten consecutive weeks, making it the longest number one "Love Is All Around" spent fifteen weeks in the year 1994. The song was listed number three on the 100 best songs of 2007 published by Rolling Stone magazine. Another single, Shut Up and Drive, Do not Stop The Music, and Hate That I Love You able to reflect success. Umbrella with Do not Stop the Music reached number three on the Billboard Hot 100 while peaking at number one in various countries. With the re-issue his third album, titled Good Girl Gone Bad: Reloaded "Take a Bow" - which became a hit number one in the world - a duet with Maroon 5, If I Never See Your Face Again, and others are the number one U.S. hit. Disturbia reached number four before reaching number one, as the previous single, Take a Bow, was at number two, making seven female singer Rihanna has two songs in the top five. Meanwhile, other singles who collaborated with rapper TI, Live Your Life peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, gives Rihanna her fifth number one on the Hot 100 so far ( SOS, Umbrella, Take A Bow and Disturbia, and Live Your Life ( feat. TI ). This made ​​Rihanna one of two female solo artist with most number one singles this decade, with another singer that is Beyoncé Knowles. She has sent more than two million units in the United States, being certified platinum twice from the RIAA. This gives Rihanna's best-selling album, for now.

Rihanna was nominated in four categories at the MTV Video Music Awards 2007. At the Grammy Awards 2008, Rihanna won a Grammy Award for his first for Best Rap / Sung Collaboration, in addition to receiving five nominations, including Record of the Year, Best Dance Recording, R & B Best Performance by a Duo or Group and Best R & B Song, to support this album, she held a tour called The Good Girl Gone Bad Tour on 12 September 2007, with several shows throughout the United States, Canada and Europe and then start the tour with Kanye West, Lupe Fiasco in concert Glow In The Dark Tour on 16 April 2008. Rihanna won Favorite Pop / Rock Female Artist and Favorite Soul R & B Female Artist in 2008 at the American Music Awards. In December 2008, Margeaux Watson of Entertainment Weekly wrote an article titled "Rihanna: Diva of the year", which she described as a successful flight in 2008.

On August 12 2008 , Rihanna seen vacationing in Barbados with singer United States another, Chris Brown. But at that time they still looked embarrassed and did not want to acknowledge the relationship. And now the couple is willing to admit their relationship to the public. but that relationship ended in tragedy. Rihanna in aniyaya by chris brown, causing bruises on the face of injury Rihanna (Rihanna said, "Chris Brown is a bitch, u know That"), but now Rihanna has a relationship with a famous baseball player.

2009-2010: Domestic Violence and Rated R

On June 8 2009, Rihanna is scheduled to perfom at the Grammy Awards but canceled. Perfom was allegedly canceled a fight with his girlfriend Karen ago, the singer Chris Brown, who was arrested on charges of making criminal threats. On March 5, 2009, Brown was indicted on charges of assault and making criminal threats. Because photos were injured Rihanna from the Los Angeles Police Department obtained by TMZ.com has spread. An organization known as STOPaparazzi has proposed legislation called "Rihanna's Law". Gil Kaufman from VH1 reported "she delivered the news nonstop from Rihanna / Brown case has raised several issues regarding the privacy of alleged victims of domestic violence, including the decision by almost all major news outlets to disclose the identity of the victim-which is not usually done in cases of domestic violence and controversial distribution of the photo spread. " Rihanna called to testify in a preliminary hearing in LA on June 22, 2009. Prosecutors said Rihanna will receive a summons. "I will accept on his behalf," Rihanna's attorney, Donald Etra, told Us Weekly on June 22, 2009, Brown pleaded guilty to the violence inflicted on Rihanna. In exchange for his defense Brown received five years probation and ordered to stay fifty yards from Rihanna, except at public events, which will then be reduced to ten meters.

Rihanna made an appearance as a central figure in the music video for Kanye West's "Paranoid". She also collaborated with Jay-Z and Kanye West on the track Run This Town which peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 and reaching top ten in other countries. This song won a Grammy Award for Best Rap Song and Best Rap / Sung Collaboration, bringing the total to three Grammy fourth album is Rated R was released in November 2009. Rolling Stone from the album Rated R commented that Rihanna has changed the sound and make one of the best pop records this year. The album debuted at number four on the Billboard 200 and has received a platinum certificate from the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for sales of one million copies of his first three singles of Russian Roulette, Hard and Rude Boy peaked in the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100 with Rude Boy reached number one. This song also topped the charts in Australia, while reaching number two in the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand and Switzerland.

In January 2010, Rihanna won two Barbados Music Awards for "Song of the Decade" with her ​​single Umbrella and "Entertainer of the Decade" by the name "International Woman Artist of the Year" at the NRJ Music Awards 2010. Two other singles were released from Rated R, which include Rockstar 101 and the final singles Te Amo. To further promote this album, she started his world tour, the tour of Rihanna on the album is called "Last Girl on Earth". During the summer, he collaborated with rapper Eminem and sing Love the Way You Lie , which reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100, as well as other countries such as Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, Norway and Sweden. Song one hit singles on the Hot 100 in his career, making the female artist with the people most in the history of the five numbers that part. In August 2010, Rihanna wax statue unveiled at Madame Tussauds in Washington DC.

2010-present: Loud

Rihanna is scheduled to release his fifth album titled Loud in November 2010, previously released the single main Rihanna is Only Girl (In the World) in September 2010 and then to succeed Loud album which will soon release it, making video clips along with the creation of this single Battleship film based on scenes from the movie by shooting in Hawaii. Rihanna will release a book called himself that is Rihanna. Currently working on Peter Berg's film, Battleship, scheduled to be released in 2012. In addition, Rihanna also released a promotional single for the fifth album, entitled Who's That Chick and sung a duet together "David Guetta". Then, on 25 October, Rihanna and Kanye West released a snippet which will be released the single entitled "All of the Lights".

Travel Career

Music

At age 15, one of her friends introduced Rihanna to music producer Evan Rogers, who was vacationing in Barbados. Rogers and Carl Sturken Rihanna sound recording in the U.S. and then sent to various recording companies. One was accepted by Jay-Z, who recruited him to Def Jam Records . Rihanna's music is influenced by the music Alicia Keys, Beyoncé Knowles, and music Karibik . now Rihanna has become famous hollywood musician and in love all people.

Until now Rihanna has had four studio albums, the Music of the Sun (released in 2005 ), A Girl Like Me (released in 2006 ) the album Good Girl Gone Bad (released in 2007, and the album Rated R (released in late 2009 ), and the plan Rihanna will release his fifth album titled Loud (at year end 2010).

World Movies

In 2006, Rihanna's trying to wrestle the acting world. The first film she played the movie Bring It On: All or Nothing, where she plays as himself who are looking for dancers by audition cheerleader in schools.

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Do You Know? History of Pizza

History of Pizza begins when the first Greeks to make bread dough are large, round and flat by using a mixture of spices and oil. At that time the tomato has not been found, so it is not used in the mixture.

In the 18th century, this type of bread is becoming known in Italy as well as sold on the streets and markets under the name 'pizza'. Pizza at the time did not have any toping but just like white bread is round. This bread is very easy to make and the cost is cheap, because it is mostly sold to poor people in the area of Naples.

In about 1889, Queen Margherita accompanied by her husband Umberto I, traveling around the Italian kingdom. During that trip, he saw a lot of people who eat bread in the form of big, round and flat, especially the farmers. Curious, the queen ordered the guards to buy bread, it appeared that the queen loved it so every time you exit the kingdom, then he would eat the bread. This became the talk of the kingdom, because they consider highly inappropriate for a queen to eat peasant food.

Queen Margherita ignore the protest among the palace, he even brought a special chef Rafaelle Esposito's most famous for his pizza and hired him on the court to make a variety of pizzas according to the wishes of the queen. Chef Rafaelle Esposito made ​​a special pizza for the queen by using a variety of toppings such as tomatoes, mozzarella cheese, fresh basil leaves and red, white and green (in accordance with the Italian flag colors.) Pizza was later to become the queen's favorite pizza and named Pizza Margherita, because the queen is like pizza so she began to become very popular among the people of Italy. After that pizza became increasingly popular throughout Italy, and began to be enjoyed by all circles of society. Types of pizza toppings are developed by each region so that more and diverse. But still known as a Neapolitan pizza capital of the world because this is where developing pizza and famous to the whole world.

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Do You Know? Karl Benz

Karl Friedrich Benz was the German scholar who is known as the inventor of the car with gasoline (gazoline). Although at the same time Gottlieb Daimler who paired with Wilhelm Maybach also work researching engine with gasoline as well, Benz first complete discovery and invention patented in 1879.

1885, Karl Benz built Motorwagen, the first car sold commercially. The car is a car with four-stroke engine with gasoline designed. Benz is also the inventor of automobile components such as car ignition, spark plugs, car transmission system, water radiator and carburetor.

Karl Benz was born Karl Friedrich Michael Vaillant, in Karlsruhe Germany. When Benz was 2 years old, his father (Johann George Benz) died in an accident and to the name of Karl Friedrich Michael Vaillant changed to Karl Friedrich Benz to remind him of his father. Although it was his family live in poverty, his mother insisted on giving a good education for the Benz. At the age of 9 years, benz show an interest in science. Benz continued studies at the polytechnic university of Karlsruhe under the guidance of Ferdinand Redtenbacher known as the man who pioneered the engine department (mechanical engineering) at the university. At the age of 15, Benz managed to pass the entrance exam for graduate machine at the University of Karlsruhe, where Benz graduated from the university at the age of 19 years. At those times, while riding his bike, Benz always think about the concept of a car, a horse-drawn carriage without horses.

In 1871, at the age of 27, Benz joined his friend opened a workshop (workshop) in Mannheim, which also sells construction equipment. But the garage and workshop are experiencing losses due to his proven not to be trusted and the government was forced to seize assets Benz business.

Benz continues to develop new engines, to earn an income, in 1878, Benz began to work on his discoveries and trying to patent. The patented invention is a machine first two steps, the next in succession he also patented ignition system, spark plugs, carburetor, clutch, gear transmission and radiator water.

In 1883, Benz opened a new company producing industrial machines. Quickly developing into big company and began producing gasoline engine. The success of his company gave Benz the opportunity to begin to realize his dreams, that cart without a horse. When Motorwagen made and tested, many people laughed because the first car hit the wall because it is often very difficult to control. But after Motorwagen perfected and began in ujikan on the highway, people's attention became fixed on the carriage without the horse. Motorwagen be a forerunner of modern cars we drive now.

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Do You Know? Thaipusam

Thaipusam is a festival celebrated by people of Hindu religion in the world to honor the Hindu god, Lord Murugan, also known as Lord Subramaniam. Thaipusam is celebrated in the month of 'Thai' the tenth month in the Tamil calendar. On the day of Thaipusam, a full moon through the bright stars, Matte in Cancer.

For adherents of the religion of Hinduism, Thaipusam is a day of repentance on the sins of the past. Thaipusam festival, celebrated by followers of Hindu religion, the statue of Lord Subramaniam, the youngest son of Lord Shiva, is placed on a silver chariot and paraded to the music. Lord Shiva is the most powerful god of thousands of gods in the Hindu religion.

Before the day of Thaipusam, the Hindu religious devotees will cleanse their souls by fasting during the month. They often visit the shrine, only to eat servings of vegetables a day, and stay away from intimate relationships. Twenty-four hours before bringing kavadi, Hindus fast completely.

The main feature of Thaipusam, the event brings kavadi, metal or wooden frame decorated with colored paper colors, flowers and fruit, fresh as a vow to pay or turn to the Lord Subramaniam. Kavadi is a semi-circular steel frame with girders to be placed on the shoulders and decorated with flowers, and peacock feathers.

Some other Hindus wearing spiked sandals, or wearing a metal rod to penetrate the cheeks, tongue, and their bodies. However they are in bersawai "dazzled" and does not seem to feel pain. In Malaysia, Thaipusam is celebrated every year at the Batu Caves where kavadi carriers will climb 272 stairs to the entrance and placed before the statue of the god.

At the beginning of the Hindu Thaipusam at Batu Caves will gather en masse. The march began at the dawn brings kavadi. Kavadi bearer will be in bersawai "dazzled" and pierced cheeks, tongue, eyebrow, body, and the back and climb the stairs to get to the entrance to Batu Caves to cleanse themselves. In addition to torture yourself to get the blessing of the deity Lord Murugan, honey, milk, and oil will also be offered to the gods.

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Do You Know? Linux

Linux is a free open source program under the GNU license, 32-64 bit operating system, which is a derivative of Unix and can be run on a variety of hardware platforms ranging from Intel (x86), to the RISC processor. Linux as a free open source program that makes Linux One famous is because it is free. With the GNU (Gnu Not Unix) You can obtain a program, complete with source code (source code). Not only that, you are granted the right to copy as much as you want, or even change the code source. And was all legal under the license. Although free, GNU license allows a party seeking to attract fee for copying and sending the program. Full of the GNU license, you can read in Appendix III. GNU translation into Indonesian, while the book is still being done.

Note:
Complete literature about GNU can you read on their web site that is http://www.gnu.org.

Thus, it can be said that you can get Linux without having to pay at all. If you have to pay every time I install the software on another computer, then with Linux you can install it anywhere without having to pay a license.

The most important freedom of Linux, especially for programmer and network administrator, is the freedom to derive source code (source code) and the freedom to change it. This implies a few important things. First Security, which both dynamics.

If commercial software does not allow you to find out source code then you will never know whether the program you buy from them it is safe or not (often called security by obscurity). Your life at the hands of the vendor. And if there are notices about bugs than commercial software is often already too late. With Linux, you can examine the source code directly, along with other Linux users. The rise of Linux users as a community that is open, making the bug will be quickly known, and as quickly as it did the programmer will fix the program. You yourself also determines the appropriate code in accordance with the basic needs of hardware and other software to be implemented. Like a car, you can modify at will, even though the engine, to obtain the desired shape.

Disclosure of the source code also allows the operating system is growing rapidly. If a program with a closed system and only developed by a particular vendor, at most about one thousand to five thousand people. While Linux, with the openness of its source code, developed by volunteers around the world. Known bugs faster and fillings a program (patch) more quickly available. Approach the development of this operating system called Bazaar. In contrast Chatedraal very closed system and only focus on one or two developers only.

In addition, Linux provides a free programming language, complete with a compiler, and program assistants. Some of them are:

• ADA
• BASIC
• C
• C + +
• Expect
• FORTRAN
• GTK, to create GUI applications in Linux
• PASCAL
• Phyton
• Shell Scripts
• TCL
• Perl (Practical Extraction and Report The Language), is often used to create CGI scripts on the web.

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Do You Know? Shellfish

Shellfish are aquatic animals that include soft-bodied animals (molluscs).

Shells are common sense and has no biological significance but its use is widespread and used in economic activity.

In the broadest sense, means all mollusc shells with a pair of shells (see bivalves). With this understanding, more precisely people call shellfish and clam commensurate with the meaning used in America. Examples of such usage can be seen on the term "craft of shells."

• The word can also mean any bivalve shellfish that lives attached to an object. Into it, including the types that can be eaten, such as blood clams and green mussels (kupang awung), but not including the types that can be eaten but sprawled on the sand or water base, such as the seashell and mussels.
• Shells are also used to refer to a variety of shellfish are thick shelled, calcareous, with a radial pattern on the shell firmly. In this sense, green shells are not included in it and is more appropriately called kupang. Understanding the closest in English is Cockle.
• In the narrowest sense, which is referred to as the shells are blood clam (Anadara granosa), a type of shellfish cultivation which are common in the Indo-Pacific region and many are sold in shops or restaurants that sell seafood.

Common characteristics
All shellfish has a pair of shells (also called graft or valve) is usually a mirror symmetry that is connected by a ligament (connective tissue). In most shells there are two adductor muscles that govern open-shell lid.

Shellfish do not have a head (also the brain) and only simping who have eyes. Organ which is owned by the kidneys, heart, mouth and anus. Shellfish can move with "legs" of such a flat organ that issued from the shell at any time or by opening and closing their shells as a surprise.

Open circulation system, meaning no blood vessels. The supply of oxygen from the blood of a very liquid rich in nutrients and oxygen that surrounds the organs.

Shellfish food is plankton, by filtering. Shellfish themselves are prey for squid and shark.

All shellfish is when a young male. Some females will be in line with the maturity.

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Do You Know? Overcoming Pain and Dental Cavities

Suffering from a toothache is not a pleasant experience. The pain can make even an adult cry. Tooth cavities are usually the initial cause of our suffering from toothache. Toothache is a problem of health is also serious for many people. What exactly happens to our teeth when suffering from toothache? What other causes of cavities? How do I prevent toothache?

Toothache

Dental cavities are not caused by worms such as the opinion of those in ancient times. This theory lasted until the 1700s until Willoughby Miller an American dentist who works at the University of Berlin found the cause of tooth decay. He found that cavities are caused by the meeting between the bacteria and sugar . Bacteria will convert sugar from food scraps to acid which causes tooth to become acidic environment (natural environment teeth should be alkaline) and acid is what ultimately makes a small hole on tooth enamel.

When a hole occurs on tooth enamel, we have not felt a toothache. However, a small hole next to the email can be a gap remaining food and the bacteria will make the hole bigger the punch dentin. At this time we will feel the pains in the teeth while eating. If allowed, the hole will come to the hole so that our nerves will start to feel a toothache. This process will not stop until the teeth eventually become exhausted and the only remaining tooth root.

Toothache can not be underestimated as some people, because if ignored, can make the teeth becomes swollen and inflamed. In addition, cavities can be a means of entrance channel to channel blood disease germs that can cause kidney disease, lung, heart and other diseases.

For not getting worse, so if you have cavities you should immediately visit your dentist to treat it. Although many people do not like going to the dentist with a reason not care about the state of teeth, expensive worried, afraid or ashamed of being ridiculed because of damaged teeth, but go to the dentist is the best solution to deal with a toothache. Cavities can not heal by itself. Although, possibly after suffering a toothache, the pain may disappear but do not improve the situation of teeth. Teeth will remain hollow, the hole will keep growing even bigger.

Teeth and Dental patching Disconnect

The measures will generally be taken dentist is mending a broken tooth, if the hole is not too big. But if we feel the pain of teeth, the fillings can not be directly carried out, because then the gas in the tooth can not get out. The doctor will give you painkillers or will turn off the tooth nerve so that we are not tormented with the pain. On the next visit before the teeth will be cleaned and patched temporarily, permanently filling done on my next visit again.

If the hole is too large and not allowed to be patched, it means that the teeth should be revoked. Just as the process of filling a tooth, the tooth could not be immediately revoked when the teeth still hurt. It is caused when we feel a toothache, then the anesthesia drugs (drug resistant so as not to feel pain when the teeth removed) can not penetrate the roots of teeth, so that when removed will cause tremendous pain. The process of tooth extraction can only be done when a tooth is not painful and to relieve pain doctors will kill the tooth nerve.

Preventing cavities
To prevent the occurrence of holes in the teeth, you can perform the following steps:

Checking your teeth regularly
Visit your dentist every 6 months even if you do not feel the toothache. This is necessary for doctors to detect a small hole that occurred in the tooth and can be handled immediately for hole no bigger. It can also detect the tooth that is not flat or grooved teeth which can cause difficult to clean.

Brushing your teeth regularly and in a timely manner
In the morning after breakfast and at night before bed is the perfect time to brush teeth. Saliva is not much out as we sleep, so the teeth will be damaged if you leave food residue on the teeth without a brush. Saliva is useful to protect teeth from bacteria that cause cavities.

Brushing teeth the right way
While brushing your teeth regularly has been done but if done in a way that is not true, of course the result will not be maximal. The correct way is to brush downward to the front teeth (incisors) the top, brushing towards the top to the bottom front teeth and brush horizontally to molars. Brushing teeth should be longer, because this tooth has the potential attachment of leftover food.

Mouthwash after meals
Brushing teeth is not possible after we eat, the best way is to rinse his mouth for the rest of the food is not kept sticking and reducing acidic conditions in the tooth.

Use dental floss to remove food residue
Food scraps left behind, should not be removed by using a toothpick. Use a toothpick can cause a gap between the larger teeth in addition to causing injury to the gums.

Choose a toothpaste that contains fluoride
Using a toothpaste containing fluoride. This substance is one of material forming tooth enamel. The existence of these substances can prevent decay on the teeth.

Eat fibrous foods
Eat vegetables or fruit is proven to make teeth stronger and prevent cavities.

Reduce foods containing sugar and flour
This type of food when left on the teeth and the bacteria will cause acids that create cavities.

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Do You Know? Carrot Benefits

Carrot (Daucus carota) is very good for the human body, especially children, because they contain beta carotene. Choose the carrot that is essentially small and light-colored because it indicates that the carrot is still young and fresh. Carrots have a property to:

• Overcoming Hypertension: 500g carrots are washed, cut into pieces, put some boiled water, then blend. Strain, then drink. This potion to drink 3x daily.
• Overcoming night blindness: 2 sticks of shredded carrots washed. squeezed with 2 tablespoons of boiled water. Squeeze and strain. Give the honey to make it more comfortable, and then drunk. Do this 3x a day.
• Overcoming the eye minus: drink boiled water or eat raw carrots carrots. It could also grate 7 pieces of carrot, and put some boiled water. Then squeeze the cloth. 1x feelings drinking water a day.
• Overcoming fever in children: 200g carrots washed, grated and squeezed to get out the juice. Feelings boiled water and drunk.
• Overcoming the worms: dry 5 carrots, and mashed / grated to powder. Brewed with water to taste. Drink 2x a day, 5g each time a drink.
• Overcoming burns: carrots mashed until smooth and spread on burns.
• A cough: a carrot is cleaned, shredded. Give a few tablespoons of hot water and wring it out. Give a little palm sugar, stir until smooth. Drink 2x a day.
• Overcoming painful menstruation: 250g carrots are washed, cut into pieces. Give a little water, then blend. This potion to drink 2x a day.
• Overcoming constipation: 2 carrots washed, and shredded. Give 2 tablespoons of boiled water and a little salt, then squeeze. Drinking water 2x a day.
• Smooth the face: 2-3 carrots peeled, washed, and shredded, and squeezed the water. Apply to the face. Can also after shredded, directly attached to the face as a mask to dry. Note: when used as a mask, the face should not be moved, such as talking or eating so that the mask does not crack.

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Do You Know? Percussion

Percussion is the designation for all musical instruments playing at o'clock technique, using either hand or stick. In this case several musical instruments belonging to the percussion instruments are Gamelan, Kendang, lyre, Arumba, Talempong, Sampek and Kolintang, Rebana, Napkin, Jimbe and so forth.

a. The Gamelan is a musical instrument made ​​of metal, gamelan from central Java, Yogyakarta, East Java, also in West Java called Degung and in Bali called Balinese gamelan. One device consists of gamelan instruments saron, demung, gongs, kenong, slentem, bonang, peking, gender and several other instruments. Besides, the gamelan has a pentatonic melodies / pentatonic.

b. Kendang is a kind of percussion instrument that membranes derived from animal skins (goat). Drum or drum can be found in many parts of Indonesia. In the area of West Java drum plays an important role in the dance Jaipong. In Central Java, Yogyakarta, East Java and Bali drums are always used in the game good gamelan to accompany dances, puppet and ketoprak. Tifa is a kind of musical instrument drum that can be encountered in the area of Papua, Maluku and Nias. Tambourine is a type of musical instruments commonly in use in having Islamic art. tambourine can be found in most parts of Indonesia.

c. The lyre is a stringed musical instrument from West Java daerh. Forms organologi harp is a wooden box lined above strings / strings, wooden boxes are useful as resonatornya. Musical instrument resembling a lute is the siter of Central Java.

d. Arumba (strains of bamboo grove) come from West Java daereah. Arumba is a musical instrument made ​​of bamboo material in the play with the melodic and rhythmic. Pad initially arumba use pentatonic scales, but in its development using diatonic scales.

e. Talempong is the art of Minangkabau traditional music. Talempong is a musical tone diatonic (do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si, do).

f. Sampek (until / sapek) adlah musical instrument resembling a guitar comes from Kalimantan. This musical instrument made ​​of wood covered with ornaments / carvings are beautiful. Other stringed instruments that resembled Sampek is Hapetan of Tapanuli, Jungga from South Sulawesi.

g. Kolintang or kulintang originated from Minahasa. This instrument has a diatonic scales that all instrument consists of bass, melodic and rhythmic. The basic ingredients are made ​​of wood and how to play this instrument in at by using sticks.

h. Sasando is a stringed musical instrument derived from the East Nusa Tenggara, this harp made ​​of bamboo with the given string / strings while resonasinya made ​​of woven palm leaves that have a half-circle shape.

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Do You Know? Sushi

Sushi is the most famous Japanese dish outside of Japan, and one of the most popular dishes among the Japanese themselves. In Japan, sushi is usually enjoyed on special occasions, such as a celebration.

During the Edo period, "sushi" refered to pickled fish conserved in vinegar. Nowadays sushi can be defined as a dish containing rice which has been prepared with sushi vinegar. There are many different types of sushi. Some popular ones are:


Chirashi 
Chirashizushi is a dish in which seafood, mushroom and vegetables are spread over sushi rice. It can resemble domburi with the difference being that chirashizushi uses sushi rice while domburi uses regular, unseasoned rice.

Gunkan 
Small cups made of sushi rice and dried seaweed filled with seafood, etc. There are countless varieties of gunkanzushi, some of the most common ones being sea urchin and various kinds of fish eggs.

Inari 
Inarizushi is a simple and inexpensive type of sushi, in which sushi rice is filled into aburaage (deep fried tofu) bags.

Nigiri 
Small rice balls with fish, shellfish, etc. on top. There are countless varieties of nigirizushi, some of the most common ones being tuna, shrimp, eel, squid, octopus and fried egg.

Norimaki 
Sushi rice and seafood, etc. rolled in dried seaweed sheets. There are countless varieties of sushi rolls differing in ingredients and thickness. Sushi rolls prepared "inside out" are very popular outside of Japan, but rarely found in Japan.

Oshizushi 
Oshizushi is pressed sushi, in which the fish is pressed onto the sushi rice in a wooden box. The picture shows trout oshizushi in form of a popular ekiben (train station lunch box).

Temaki 
Temakizushi (literally: hand rolls) are cones made of nori seaweed and filled with sushi rice, seafood and vegetables.

Note that "sushi" becomes "zushi" in word combinations in which "sushi" is the second word, e.g. nigirizushi.

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Do You Know? Sir Isaac Newton

Sir Isaac Newton was a physicist, mathematics, astronomy, chemistry and philosopher who was born in England. The book, written and published in 1687, Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, described as the most influential books in the history of science. This work describes the laws of gravity and the three principles of (legal) movement, which changed the perception of the physical laws of nature during the next three centuries and became the foundation of modern science.

In 1670 until 1672, Newton provides lessons on optics. And during this period, he himself investigated the refraction of light (refraction: changes in the direction of a wave due to changes in speed) and give demonstrations that a prism can break white light into various color spectrum and a prism lens in the second, can form the color spectrum into a single white light again.

Isaac Newton realized that mathematics is a way to explain the laws of nature such as gravity, and make some formula for calculating the 'moving object' and 'gravity'. Gravity is the force that makes an object always moves falling down. With the three basic principles of the law of motion, Newton could explain and prove that the planets circulate around the sun in orbits that are oval and not a full round. Then Newton uses three basic principles of movement that is now known as Newton's Law to explain how things move.

Isaac Newton's father died three months after Newton was born, and the days of childhood, Newton lived with his grandmother. Newton then went to the village school and then moved to a better school in Grantham, where there he became a pupil with ratings above.

Currently, many stories get told that Newton's formula of the theory of gravity and an apple that fell from the tree. In profiled that one day sit down and learn Newton under an apple tree and it was an apple fall from the tree. By observing a falling apple, Newton came to the conclusion that there is something attractive force that the apple fell down, and the strength that we know today as the gravity.

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Do You Know? American Culture : Country Music

With the advent of popular stars such as Carrie Underwood and Taylor Swift, many people think that country music is the new genre. The truth is that traditional music has a long tradition in American music history, about tahun1930's. The history of this music is important to understand if someone wanted to know about how the country has become a very popular music genre today.

When country music first to make history as the popular music of the 1930s, this type of music known as the musical "Honky Tonk". The genre is usually identified by using guitars and drums are so popular among the audience. Although Ernest Tubb and Hank Williams is the biggest star at the time, Al Dexter was the one who coined the term "Honky Tonk" and used in one song. Until its development in the 1940s, the country took a new style that is always identified as western music. Gene Autry and Roy Rogers made the style popular with the song that tells of the ups and downs of life as a cowboy. Most of the songs use some kind of wind instruments, like flutes.

Recently, country music has evolved into a much more modern music and in many cases can be distinguished from other popular music is often heard. The country music artists like Kenny Chesney and Gretchen Wilson are the people who contribute to the origin or roots of this music, but they had also been singing contemporary songs. The result of the music that they bring is the country music genre is fast becoming one of the most popular in America today.

If someone loves country music today, they should also familiar with the historical roots of this music. Back to the 1930s, the musicians have created music that will affect all those musicians who are today so many people enjoyed. Although various types of music have evolved rapidly, contemporary musicians owe a lot to country music artist who has been there before them.

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Do You Know? Kiwi Bird

New Zealand natural beauty more perfect by the presence of a number of unique animals living together stunning and natural. If you have the opportunity to visit this country, you will see so menawannya typical animals in there that do not necessarily exist in other countries. There are 4 unique and rare group of animals that will amaze you, namely birds, mammals, reptiles, and fish.

The atmosphere of the morning in New Zealand are always opened with the sound of birds. No wonder this country is called the "land birds" because it has so many species of birds unique. At least there are about 45 species of birds such as bellbird, albatross, where he was, the black robin, black stilt, brown teal, Fantail and kiwi. Kiwi is an animal of rare bird species endemic to New Zealand. This bird is very famous throughout the world as the New Zealand identity. Body size of a chicken with feathers berwaran brownish gray and the beak and sharp stakes. He is nocturnal or out at night. Kiwi bird has no wings so that he can not fly. These animals are very attached to the history and the lives of the new seladia, and kiwi have now officially become a national icon that country.

Mammals in this region is divided into 2, namely land mammals and marine mammals. Pekapeka. is the original term for short-tail bats in there and the only land mammals typical new zealand. These unique animals are so small for this type and most dangerous bat in the family. He also nocturnal animals, go out at night to hunt for food, and fly with the squeaky voice sonar issue. Marine mammal species that dolphins and whales you may encounter in other countries, but elephant seals and leopard seals in the waters just south of new zealand.

New Zealand has a unique reptile animals, namely lizards, geckos, tuatara and frogs. Tuatara is a rare animal that lives only in New Zealand. You could say this animal is proportional to the Komodo dragons in Indonesia, since they are relics of the dinosaur species. New Zealand Department of Conservation states that the species of tuatara have become extinct since 60 million years ago, and the rest are able to survive only found in this region. In addition, there are 4 species of frogs which is also a rare animal and is found only in this region. But you probably will not notice it, because they come out at night and be able to disguise very well in nature. Frog's unique in this country is they do not sound like a frog in general, also in breeding as they do not experience the metamorphosis of another frog. But the frog embryo develops in the egg and hatch directly with an almost perfect form of toad.

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