Do You Know? Thomas Alva Edison

Thomas Alva Edison was the inventor of America and is one of the greatest inventors in history. Edison began working at a very young age and continued working until his death. During his career, Thomas Alva Edison had been around from 1093 to patent his invention, including an electric light bulb and the gramophone, as well as film cameras. All three findings raise major industries for the electric industry, recording and film that ultimately affect the lives of people around the world. He is also known as the inventor of applying the principle of 'mass production' for his discoveries.

Edison's own gain expertise in the field of electricity and telegraphy (the telegraph for communication) during the teenage years. In 1868, at age 21, she has developed and patent his invention in the form of a machine that records the telegraph.

The days of childhood, Edison just attended a formal school for three months, then all his education from his mother who taught Edison at home. Edison's mother taught Edison how to read, write, and mathematics. He also often gave and read the books for Edison, among others, the books come from authors such as Edward Gibbon, William Shakespeare and Charles Dickens.

Edison at age 12, earn revenue by way of a job selling newspapers and newsletters, apples, and candy on a railway line. At that age also, Edison has lost almost all hearing because of her illness, the disease makes it a half-deaf. Edison once wrote in diarinya: "I have never heard a bird sing since I was 12 years old."

At the age of 15, Edison, while still selling, bought a small printing press used hereinafter to be installed in a car trunk. Then he prints his own newspaper, Weekly HERALD, which is in print, edited and sold in places he's selling.

In the summer of 1862, Edison saved a three-year-old boy who almost hit by a car. The father of the children removed is the head of the train station in place to sell. And as gratitude, the head of the station taught Edison how to use the telegraph. After 5 months of studying the telegraph, Edison worked as an expert telegraph for 4 years. Almost all the salary he gets is spent with a variety of laboratory building and electrical equipment.

Edison is very pleased to learn something and read the books there. Of those studied, Edison apply these lessons in a way his little experiment in the laboratory. Edison lived in his lab, only sleep 4 hours a day, and eat the food brought by his assistant into his laboratory. Edison experiment to experiment and continuously until his discoveries to be perfect. Perhaps the words that adequately describe the abilities which are Edison: "Genius is 99% hard work"

Continue Reading →

Do You Know? James Watt

James Watt, Scottish inventor, often with steam engines, a key figure in the Industrial Revolution is bound. In fact, Watts is not the first person, the steam engine. A similar project is being prepared also by Heron of Alexandria at the beginning of our era. Used in 1686, Thomas Savery patents on a steam engine to pump water, and in 1712, the Englishman, Thomas Newcomen, the patent even similar products with a perfect, created the Newcomen engine still lower quality and less effective, can be used , to pump water from coal mines.

Watts was interested in the affairs of the steam engine in 1764, when he was fixing the Newcomen engine creation. Although Watts just a year of training as a manufacturer of tools, but it has great creative talent. Improvements was so important to the Newcomen engine house, it is interesting to consider is the true creator of the Watt steam engine, the first practice.

Watt patented the first success in 1769 was the addition of a separate room, which strengthened. He also separators insulation to prevent loss of heat in the steam cylinder, and in 1782 he discovered the double-machine. With some minor improvements, this update increases menghasilan efficiency of the steam engine with a four-fold or more. In practice, this efficiency is the result of intelligence, but not the tools that are useful and unique utilities, looking from the corner.

Watt also noted (in 1781) a series of teeth, the movement behind the machine, so that changing the rotation. This tool is to dramatically increase the use of steam engines. Watts also succeeded in a circular motion style controller automatically (1788), the motor speed can be controlled automatically to provide reasons. It also creates a pressure gauge (in 1790), instrument Speedo, instructions for appliances and equipment for the vapor barrier, in addition to repair others. Watt had not the talent of a company. But in 1775, he made a covenant with Matthew Boulton, an engineer and a businessman who skillfully. Later for 25 years, the company produced Boulton and Watt, a large number of steam engines and the two became rich.

It is difficult to exaggerate the importance of the steam engine. For indeed, many other inventions that are important to promote the development of the industrial revolution. For example, the development of mining, metallurgy and various machine tools. Rescue relapse in a loom (invented by John Kay, 1733), or a rotating tool (discovery by James Hargreaves in 1764) is above all creation watts. The vast majority of discoveries that are better than fewer, and none had a decisive importance in the context of bermulanya Industrial Revolution. As with the invention of the steam engine, which plays an important role in the industrial revolution, the situation appears in other forms. Previously, although the steam is used to wind and water mills in turn is the main source of mechanical energy of human power. This factor is very limited capacity of industrial production. Many thanks to the invention of the steam engine were removed these restrictions. A large amount of energy can be directed to productive things with very rapid ascent. To detect oil embargo of 1973, as miserable when the material energy and is able to paralyze the industry is reduced. This experience at some level, to promote the importance of the industrial revolution with the discovery of James Watt.

In addition to the benefits of energy for factories, steam engines are also important in other areas. Use in 1783, the Marquis de Jouffroy Abbans successfully in steam engines to drive the ship. In 1804, the steam locomotive by Richard Trevithick put into place. None of the models, the beginners to be commercially successful. In a few decades, then either the ship or rail to produce a great revolution in the field of land and sea. The industrial revolution took place almost simultaneously with the American Revolution and French. Although the time, it seems trivial, it is now clear how the industrial revolution, described the meaning is much more important to human existence, but to have the importance of political revolution seems. Therefore classified as one of James Watt, have a great influence in history had

Continue Reading →

Do You Know? Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein (March 14, 1879 April 18, 1955) is a theoretical physicist widely regarded as the greatest scientist of the 20th Century is considered. He advanced the theory of relativity and also contributed to the development of quantum mechanics, statistical mechanics and cosmology helped. He received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921 for his explanation of the photoelectric effect and "for services to theoretical physics."

Having formulated the theory of general relativity, Einstein became famous in the world, a rare feat for a scientist. At his age, his fame has surpassed the fame of all scientists in history and popular culture, says Einstein is synonymous with intelligence or even genius. His face is one of the most famous in the world.

Albert Einstein, The Man of the Century (One of the Century)

In 1999, when Einstein "People of the Century" by Time magazine. Popularity does the name "Einstein" is widely used in advertising and other goods, and finally, "Albert Einstein" registered as trademarks.

To understand it, a unity in the name of Einstein photochemical, a chemical called Einsteinium and an asteroid named 2001 Einstein.

The Most Famous Formula of Einstein (see E = mc²):

E = mc²

Biography

Einstein was in Ulm, Württemberg, Germany, born about 100 km east of Stuttgart. Named his father, Hermann Einstein, a feather bed salesman who was then an electrochemical works, and his mother Pauline. They were married in Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt. Her family was Jewish, Albert wrote in the Catholic school and the wishes of his mother gave violin lessons.

At the age of five, his father showed him a pocket compass, and Einstein realized that something in the room that "empty" traded on the needle, and he later described this experience as one of the most impressive moments of his life. Although he made models and mechanical devices as a hobby, it is considered a slow learner, possibly caused by dyslexia, shyness, or because the structure (examined after his death) of the rare and unusual in his brain. He later credited his theory of relativity to this slowness, saying that meditation space and time than other children, he is able to develop a more developed intelligence. A further look into the news recently, his spiritual development that he suffered from Asperger's syndrome, a condition with autism.

Einstein began to study mathematics at the age of twelve. There are rumors that he is in mathematics in his teaching, but it is not true alternative in the assessment of the following year to be confused. Two of his uncles helped develop an interest in the spiritual world in the last part of his childhood and youth through proposals, and books on science and mathematics.

In 1894, due to the failure of his father's business electrochemical Einstein moved from Munich to Pavia, Italy (Milan). Albert stayed to finish school, finish a semester before he found his family in Pavia.

The defect in the liberal arts at the entrance examination Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich) in the next year is a step back from his family sent him to Aarau, Switzerland, the complete High School, where he graduated in 1896, by Einstein several times to register at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. The following year he moved Württemberg citizenship and become stateless.

In 1898 Einstein met and fell in love with Mileva Maric, a Serb who is a classmate (also a friend of Nikola Tesla). In 1900 he graduated from the Ecole Polytechnique Negar taught and accepted as a Swiss citizen in 1901. During this time Einstein discussed his interest in science to his close friends, including Mileva. He and Mileva had a daughter named Lieserl, born in January 1902. Lieserl Einstein, then, to be illegal, because the parents are not married.

Work and Doctoral Degree

Father of a classmate helped him a job as a technical assistant examiner at the Swiss Patent Office in 1902. There evaluate patent applications require Einstein inventor of devices, the knowledge of physics. He also learned the importance of demand compared to a bad declaration recognizing and learning from the director how "to explain it properly." Sometimes it is good to design and evaluate the feasibility of their work.

Einstein married Mileva on 6 January 1903. Einstein's marriage to Mileva, a mathematician. On 14 May 1904 was born the couple's first child, Hans Albert Einstein. Be fixed in 1904 Einstein's position at the Swiss Patent Office. He received his doctorate after submitting the thesis "A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions" ("On a new determination of molecular dimensions") in 1905 at the University of Zurich.

That same year he wrote four articles that form the foundation of modern physics, without much scientific literature to appoint or not to many colleagues in the science that he discussed the theory. Most physicists agree that three of those papers (on Brownian motion), the photoelectric effect and special relativity) deserved Nobel Prize. Only the paper on the photoelectric effect would win one. What is paradoxical, not only because Einstein is far better known for relativity, but also because the photoelectric effect is a quantum phenomenon, and Einstein was cleared from the road in the quantum theory. What makes these papers remarkable is that in each case, Einstein boldly took an idea from theoretical physics to its logical consequences and managed to experimental results that baffled scientists for decades had to explain.

He presented a dissertation-thesis of the "Annals of Physics" They are usually addressed to "Annus Mirabilis Papers" (Latin: In good) .. Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) plans, 100 years of publishing the work of Einstein in 1905 to celebrate as the year of Physics, 2005.

Movement Brown

"Suspended on the motion by the kinetic molecular theory of heat from small particles in a stationary fluid required" in the first article in 1905 titled research includes the Brownian motion. By using the kinetic theory of fluids in the controversy, he decided that the phenomenon is still no satisfactory explanation for a few decades after its first observation, empirical evidence (based on the observations and experiments) to the reality of atoms made available. And also to give confidence in the statistical mechanics, which at that time considered controversial.

Before this work, the atom is known as a useful concept, but physicists and chemists hotly debated whether atoms really a tangible object. Einstein's statistical discussion of atomic behavior gave players a chance, the experimental atomic easy to compute by looking through the microscope. Wilhelm Ostwald, one of the leaders of the anti-atom school, later told Arnold Sommerfeld that he converted to a full explanation of Einstein on Brownian motion.

Continue Reading →

Do You Know? Karl Benz

Karl Friedrich Benz was the German scholar who is known as the inventor of the car with gasoline (gazoline). Although at the same time Gottlieb Daimler who paired with Wilhelm Maybach also work researching engine with gasoline as well, Benz first complete discovery and invention patented in 1879.

1885, Karl Benz built Motorwagen, the first car sold commercially. The car is a car with four-stroke engine with gasoline designed. Benz is also the inventor of automobile components such as car ignition, spark plugs, car transmission system, water radiator and carburetor.

Karl Benz was born Karl Friedrich Michael Vaillant, in Karlsruhe Germany. When Benz was 2 years old, his father (Johann George Benz) died in an accident and to the name of Karl Friedrich Michael Vaillant changed to Karl Friedrich Benz to remind him of his father. Although it was his family live in poverty, his mother insisted on giving a good education for the Benz. At the age of 9 years, benz show an interest in science. Benz continued studies at the polytechnic university of Karlsruhe under the guidance of Ferdinand Redtenbacher known as the man who pioneered the engine department (mechanical engineering) at the university. At the age of 15, Benz managed to pass the entrance exam for graduate machine at the University of Karlsruhe, where Benz graduated from the university at the age of 19 years. At those times, while riding his bike, Benz always think about the concept of a car, a horse-drawn carriage without horses.

In 1871, at the age of 27, Benz joined his friend opened a workshop (workshop) in Mannheim, which also sells construction equipment. But the garage and workshop are experiencing losses due to his proven not to be trusted and the government was forced to seize assets Benz business.

Benz continues to develop new engines, to earn an income, in 1878, Benz began to work on his discoveries and trying to patent. The patented invention is a machine first two steps, the next in succession he also patented ignition system, spark plugs, carburetor, clutch, gear transmission and radiator water.

In 1883, Benz opened a new company producing industrial machines. Quickly developing into big company and began producing gasoline engine. The success of his company gave Benz the opportunity to begin to realize his dreams, that cart without a horse. When Motorwagen made and tested, many people laughed because the first car hit the wall because it is often very difficult to control. But after Motorwagen perfected and began in ujikan on the highway, people's attention became fixed on the carriage without the horse. Motorwagen be a forerunner of modern cars we drive now.

Continue Reading →

Do You Know? Sir Isaac Newton

Sir Isaac Newton was a physicist, mathematics, astronomy, chemistry and philosopher who was born in England. The book, written and published in 1687, Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, described as the most influential books in the history of science. This work describes the laws of gravity and the three principles of (legal) movement, which changed the perception of the physical laws of nature during the next three centuries and became the foundation of modern science.

In 1670 until 1672, Newton provides lessons on optics. And during this period, he himself investigated the refraction of light (refraction: changes in the direction of a wave due to changes in speed) and give demonstrations that a prism can break white light into various color spectrum and a prism lens in the second, can form the color spectrum into a single white light again.

Isaac Newton realized that mathematics is a way to explain the laws of nature such as gravity, and make some formula for calculating the 'moving object' and 'gravity'. Gravity is the force that makes an object always moves falling down. With the three basic principles of the law of motion, Newton could explain and prove that the planets circulate around the sun in orbits that are oval and not a full round. Then Newton uses three basic principles of movement that is now known as Newton's Law to explain how things move.

Isaac Newton's father died three months after Newton was born, and the days of childhood, Newton lived with his grandmother. Newton then went to the village school and then moved to a better school in Grantham, where there he became a pupil with ratings above.

Currently, many stories get told that Newton's formula of the theory of gravity and an apple that fell from the tree. In profiled that one day sit down and learn Newton under an apple tree and it was an apple fall from the tree. By observing a falling apple, Newton came to the conclusion that there is something attractive force that the apple fell down, and the strength that we know today as the gravity.

Continue Reading →